EAPD interim seminar and workshop in Brussels May 9 2015 : Non-invasive caries treatment.

AIM: This was to collect information for the 9th European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry Interim Seminar and Workshops to discuss the state of art on non-invasive caries therapy to be used if possible to formulate clinical guidelines by European experts in paediatric dentistry METHODS: Based on systematic reviews and additional papers were assessed for methods to prevent caries initiation and caries progression both in the state of pre-cavitation and cavitation without invasive technologies. RESULTS: The use of fluoridated water, careful diligent daily use of fluoride toothpaste, fluoride varnishes, pit and fissure sealants and leak-proof restorative materials without excavation of caries are evidence based for caries prevention and for non-invasive treatment of pre-cavitated and cavitated caries. Other technologies are far less evidenced based and would not logically fit in guidelines for the non-invasive treatment of caries. Recent studies on cavitated lesions in the primary dentition demonstrate that thorough oral hygiene practices may arrest progression. This strategy depends heavily on the strategies in the dental surgery to change behaviour of children. An important aspect is for advice to be tailored at recall intervals to ensure compliance and to timely detect unnecessary and unwanted progression of the lesions. CONCLUSION: Non-invasive therapies have been proven to be effective for caries prevention and the management of pre-cavitated caries lesions. Non-invasive therapies can also be effective to arrest cavitated lesions but the success depends greatly on behavioural changes of patients to brush the lesions.

The efficacy of powered toothbrushes following a brushing exercise: a systematic review.

AIM: The primary objective was to determine, based on the available published evidence, the efficacy of powered toothbrushing following a brushing exercise and secondary to what magnitude this effect is dependent on the plaque index score, power supply and mode of action. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The PubMed-MEDLINE and Cochrane CENTRAL databases were searched through and up to August 2014 to identify appropriate studies. The outcome measurement was the weighted mean (WM) percentage plaque score reduction of a full-mouth assessment following subject brushing. RESULTS: The search yielded 2420 titles and abstracts. Ultimately, 58 articles with 146 brushing exercises as separate legs were selected. The overall effect of a powered brushing exercise provides a 46% WM plaque score reduction. One hundred and six experiments provided data as assessed according to the Quigley and Hein plaque index. The WM reduction from baseline in plaque scores was 36%. A WM plaque score reduction of 65% was observed in 39 experiments using the Navy plaque index. Subanalysis on power supply and mode of action showed WM plaque score reductions ranging from 33% up to 71% depending on plaque index score. CONCLUSION: The efficacy in plaque removal following a brushing exercise using a powered toothbrush provides a WM plaque score reduction of 46% on average, with a range of 36-65% dependent on the index scale to score plaque. The available evidence indicates that the power supply (rechargeable or replaceable battery), mode of action, as well as brushing duration and type of instructions are factors which contribute to the variation in the observed efficacy.

[A paradigmatic change in the management of caries in children: 'Gewoon Gaaf']. / Een omslag in cariësbehandeling bij kinderen: 'Gewoon Gaaf'.

This is a position paper about 'Gewoon Gaaf' ['Just Smooth'], a paradigmatic change in the management of caries in children with a special focus onprevention. Caries is now considered a disease related to behaviour. Behavioural changes are essential in the prevention of caries because only patient's self care can keep caries under control. It is the task of the oral care provider to alert parents and child to their own influence on the development of caries and particularly on how to keep this process under control. Evaluations have revealed that the traditional form of preventive care has hardly improvedoral health. In contrast, various studies have shown the good results of the 'Gewoon Gaaf' approach. Moreover it fits in well with the public debate, which puts more and more attention on efficiency and transparency in the care.

Plaque-removing efficacy of new and used manual toothbrushes--a professional brushing study.

OBJECTIVES: The present study assessed whether 3-month-old used manual toothbrushes are less effective in reducing plaque scores compared with new toothbrushes with or without the use of dentifrice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present study was performed employing a single-use, examiner-blinded, professional brushing model. Four brushing modalities were randomly allocated to one of four quadrants, that is, 3-month-old used toothbrushes and new toothbrushes both with and without the use of dentifrice. Prebrushing and post-brushing plaque scores (Quigley Hein plaque index) and gingival abrasion (GA) scores were obtained. A dental hygienist performed the professional brushing procedure. The 3-month-old used toothbrushes were assessed for wear. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed among the treatments with regard to the prebrushing scores. The post-brushing plaque scores ranged from 1.59 for the new brush with dentifrice to 1.76 for the old brush with dentifrice. There was a significant difference (P = 0.036) among the four treatments regarding the old brush with dentifrice, which removed less plaque than the other treatment modalities. Regarding GA scores, no significant differences were observed. With regard to toothbrush wear after 3 months of use, the scores varied widely among the individually evaluated brushes. CONCLUSION: The present study did not show a clinically relevant difference in plaque score reductions following a 2-minute brushing exercise among 3-month-old used and new manual toothbrushes. However, the wear rate of the brushes seemed to be the determining factor in loss of efficacy, rather than the age of the toothbrush. Furthermore, dentifrice did not show an additional effect on instant plaque removal.

[Oral health care volunteering in developing countries 2. Providing care effectively]. / Mondzorgvrijwilligerswerk in ontwikkelingslanden 2. Effectief zorgverlenen.

Oral health care volunteering in developing countries based on the traditional Western model does not contribute to sustainable improvement and has, presumably, negative consequences for the local health care system. The oral health care can and should be delivered more efficacious. To achieve efficacious and sustainable results, the 'Basis package of oral care' of the World Health Organization offers a good manual. In addition, the Dutch branch of Dental Health International can support non-governmental organizations in establishing volunteering oral health care delivery programmes in order to improve the preventive care, the accessibility of care, the working conditions of the local oral health care providers, and the medical hygiene.

Gingivitis and plaque scores of 8- to 11-year-old Burmese children following participation in a 2-year school-based toothbrushing programme.

AIM: The present study assessed whether gingivitis and plaque scores of 8- to 11-year-old school children who participated in a SBTB programme for 2 years were lower than those of children who did not participate in the programme. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present study was performed using an examiner-blind, parallel group design and was performed in Burma (Myanmar) in 2006. Three of the five schools where daily SBTB programmes took place after lunch and which were performed under teacher supervision were randomly selected; three non-participating schools (non-SBTB) from the same area were assigned as controls. Twenty-five children per school were examined for gingivitis (bleeding on marginal probing) and plaque (Quigley & Hein). RESULTS: In total, 150 8- to 11-year-old children participated, with 75 children in either group. The test group (SBTB) exhibited an overall mean bleeding score of 0.76. For the control group (non-SBTB), this score was 0.83. With respect to the overall mean plaque scores, the test group exhibited a score of 2.93, whereas the control group exhibited a score of 2.91. No statistically significant differences between the test and the control group were observed. CONCLUSION: The present study did not reveal a statistically significant effect of daily SBTB programmes in 8- to 11-year-old school children with respect to gingivitis and plaque scores.

[Caries: diagnostics, monitoring and guidance in good oral health behaviour. A reorientation]. / Cariës: diagnostiek, monitoren en begeleiden naar goed mondzorggedrag. Een heroriëntatie.

Caries is a dynamic process which can develop either progressively or regressively under the all-determining influence of oral health behaviour. Management of caries therefore involves first of all: diagnostics, monitoring and preventive care and treatment which result in good oral health behaviour. The oral care provider should recognize all phases ofprogression of the caries process, and should be able to differentiate the symptoms which indicate an active or inactive process. A well maintained patient dossier is necessary to monitor this process over time. Following this procedure, the oral care provider is in a position to guide the patient with relevant information in order to achieve the final objective, good oral health.

[An index for untreated severe caries]. / Een index voor onbehandelde ernstige cariës.

Hardly any data are available on the clinical consequences of untreated severe caries, because there is no method to quantify the prevalence of oral conditions resulting from untreated caries. In the Philippines, an index was developed which records for (the location of) each tooth whether caries has reached the dental pulp, whether ulceration is present in the surrounding soft tissues due to sharp edges of fragments of a tooth lost due to caries, or whether a fistula or abscess is present. By adding the index to the existing Decayed Missing Filled Tooth index, insight is provided on the extent and the consequences of untreated caries and research may be carried out on its possible impact on the general health and wellbeing of national populations.

[Caries in children and quality of life]. / Cariës bij kinderen en levenskwaliteit.

Caries is the most prevalent oral disease in children. The majority of caries in toddlers remains untreated, with toothaches as a consequence. Although toothache is an important determinant of the quality of life, prevalence data on toothaches hardly exist. Research results indicate that children's quality of life improves after caries treatment. The question remains which type of treatment is preferable. To address this question, evidence from randomized controlled clinical trials on various treatment methods is needed.

The effect of chlorhexidine varnish on root caries: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to systematically review the present literature on the effect of chlorhexidine varnish (CHX-V) on root caries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The MEDLINE-PubMed, the Cochrane-CENTRAL and EMBASE databases were searched through December 2010 to identify any appropriate studies. Root caries incidence and root caries activity were selected as outcome variables. RESULTS: An independent screening of the unique titles and abstracts of 24 MEDLINE-PubMed, 14 Cochrane-CENTRAL and 18 EMBASE papers resulted in 6 publications that met the eligibility criteria. Data extraction provided no conclusive evidence that the application of CHX-V is effective in patients when regular professional oral prophylaxis is performed. If effective, the 40% CHX-V was found to provide a benefit over a control or fluoride varnish. CHX-V at lower concentrations (1 and 10%) may provide protection against root caries in high-risk patients (such as geriatric and xerostomia patients) in the absence of regular professional oral prophylaxis. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this review, it may be concluded that in the absence of regular professional tooth cleaning and oral hygiene instructions, CHX-V may provide a beneficial effect in patients in need of special care. The strength of this recommendation is graded as 'weak'.

Safety and efficacy of two manual toothbrushes.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy and safety of a newly designed multi-level manual toothbrush (Profit-Haije-Brush) compared with a control flat-trimmed manual reference toothbrush from the American Dental Association (ADA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: For this study, 36 healthy subjects without previous experience in the use of the Profit-Haije-Brush (PHB) were selected. Subjects were given a period of 2 weeks to become familiar with both types of brushes and were instructed to use them on alternate days for 2 min twice daily. Prior to their visit, subjects refrained from all oral hygiene procedures for 48 h. Prebrushing plaque and gingival abrasion scores were assessed. Subsequently, two randomly chosen contra-lateral quadrants were brushed with one of both brushes and the other two quadrants with the alternate brush. Subjects were supervised during their 2-min brushing exercise. After brushing, plaque and gingival abrasion were re-assessed. A questionnaire was filled out to investigate the subjects' attitudes towards both brushes. RESULTS: The overall mean prebrushing PI was 2.47 for the PHB and 2.44 for the ADA. The reduction in PI was 1.32 and 1.23 respectively (P < 0.05). With regard to gingival abrasion the overall mean prebrushing scores were 4.57 (PHB) and 5.34 (ADA). Post-brushing scores were 13.49 and 13.77 for the PHB and ADA respectively. CONCLUSION: Statistically, the multi-level PHB was significantly more efficacious than the flat-trimmed ADA. However, the difference is clinically considered small and the amount of remaining plaque was not significantly different between brushes. No greater potential to cause gingival abrasion to the oral tissues was observed.

[Paradigm shift in dentistry for children: from restorative to preventive treatment of caries]. / Paradigmaverschuiving in de kindertandheelkunde: van restauratieve naar preventieve behandeling.

First, the development of dental health care for children in the Netherlands is discussed. Caries prevalence among children has declined sharply. The present situation, however, makes clear that the majority of carious cavities in the temporary dentition remain untreated. This has led to the conclusion that the level of restorative care has to increase. On the basis of new insights in cariology gained in recent decades, the authors of this article argue for abandoning the old paradigm of restorative treatment in favour of prevention in the treatment of caries.

[Regular and careful brushing with fluoride toothpaste is the basis of prevention]. / Regelmatig en zorgvuldig poetsen met fluoridetandpasta is de basis van preventie.

For the dental care of parents and children, people in the Netherlands rely especially on the advice of the Ivory Cross. The basis of this advice is plaque removal with fluoride toothpaste. When this offers insufficient protection, one usually finds irregular and careless dental hygiene. Information and instruction concerning daily and careful dental hygiene should receive the highest priority of dental care professionals. If a patient's own dental care cannot be brought up to standard or if this cannot be done immediately, then (temporary) support can be provided by dental professionals in the form of preventive treatment. Doing this, however, without improving the self care of patients has to be regarded an inadequate treatment modality.

PUFA--an index of clinical consequences of untreated dental caries.

RATIONALE: Dental caries is a global public health problem, especially in children. Most caries in developing countries remains untreated. Only limited data are available on the clinical consequences of untreated dental caries because there is no measure to quantify the prevalence and severity of oral conditions resulting from untreated dental caries. OBJECTIVES: To present a new index to evaluate the prevalence and severity of oral conditions resulting from untreated dental caries. To validate the index within the Philippines National Oral Health Survey, 2006. METHODS: The PUFA index records the presence of severely decayed teeth with visible pulpal involvement (P/p), ulceration caused by dislocated tooth fragments (U/u), fistula (F/f) and abscess (A/a). RESULTS: Good kappa values show the reliability of the index. The prevalence of PUFA/pufa >0 was 85% and 56% for 6- and 12-year-olds, respectively. The mean number of teeth affected (PUFA/pufa) was 3.5 and 1.2 for 6- and 12-year-olds, respectively. In 6- and 12-year-olds, 40% and 41% of decayed teeth had progressed to odontogenic infections. CONCLUSION: The PUFA index complements classical caries indices with relevant information for epidemiologists and health care planners.

Efficacy of silver diamine fluoride for Arresting Caries Treatment.

Arresting Caries Treatment (ACT) has been proposed to manage untreated dental caries in children. This prospective randomized clinical trial investigated the caries-arresting effectiveness of a single spot application of: (1) 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) with tannic acid as a reducing agent; (2) 38% SDF alone; (3) 12% SDF alone; and (4) no SDF application in primary teeth of 976 Nepalese schoolchildren. The a priori null hypothesis was that the different treatments have no effect in arresting active cavitated caries. Only the single application of 38% SDF with or without tannic acid was effective in arresting caries after 6 months (4.5 and 4.2 mean number of arrested surfaces; p < 0.001), after 1 year (4.1 and 3.4; p < 0.001), and after 2 years (2.2 and 2.1; p < 0.01). Tannic acid conferred no additional benefit. ACT with 38% SDF provides an alternative when restorative treatment for primary teeth is not an option.

A global perspective on changes in the burden of caries and periodontitis: implications for dentistry.

The structure and contents of most oral health care systems and the contents of dental curricula reflect a deep-rooted tradition for attempting to cure oral diseases by refined technological means. However, better oral health conditions for the world's populations necessitate the application of up-to-date scientific knowledge to control the major oral diseases. This review points out that not only should the structure and contents of oral health care delivery systems be based on state-of-the-art knowledge about the biology of the oral diseases; they must also take into account the trends for change in caries and periodontal diseases within and between populations, and acknowledge the impact of changes in treatment philosophies for these trends. The oral disease profiles for populations in low- and high-income countries are briefly described, and it is concluded that the rapidly changing disease profiles observed in high-income countries necessitate re-thinking of the future role and organization of dentistry in such countries. The priorities for low- and middle-income countries must be to avoid repeating the mistakes made in the high-income countries. Instead, these societies might take advantage of setting priorities based on a population-based common risk factor approach. If such an approach is adopted, the training of personnel with oral health care competence must be rethought. The authors suggest three different cadres of dental care providers to be considered for an approach that allows health care planners in different populations around the world to prioritize appropriate oral health care with due respect for the socio-economic conditions prevailing.